The new vibration particle, and the new dust_color_transition particle in the game don't work with the particle() function. Am I right to assume this is because they have to be manually added in because they take parameters?

Try adding the parameters at the end of the string. The way the particle parser works is by literally calling Minecraft's /particle "particle name" argument parser, which accepts/requires those parameters in that string (unless they changed it in 1.17).

The format for vibration is /particle vibration originx originy originz endx endy endx traveltimeinticks When I run particle('vibration 0 0 0 1 1 1 20',0,0,0) it works.