Found this by testing with [Ducky Periperals] mod:
Latest versions of Sodium and Continuity turns game font into this: [][][][][][]
Also all sounds and languages disapear from the game. Trying to enter the world results into crash.
Remowing one of the mods [Ducky Perips|Sodium|Continuity] "fixes" the problem...

The reason of the problem and actual fix:
In duckyperiphs-1.20.1-1.3.1-fabric version.
There is a file exist: /assets/minecraft/optifine/emissive.properties with next content: suffix.emissive=_e
Removing it (I removed entire /assets/minecraft directory) fixes the problem. All 3 mods works fine after that.

I am not sure which mod must be responsible for that, but Continuty works with OptiFine emisive textures, so I thought informing you about that might be a good idea...

Log file: log.txt

Mod list:

• architectury-9.1.10-fabric.jar (required for Ducky Perips)
• duckyperiphs-1.20.1-1.3.1-fabric.jar
• fabric-api-0.92.3+1.20.1.jar
• cc-tweaked-1.20.1-fabric-1.115.0.jar (required for Ducky Perips)
• continuity-3.0.0-beta.5+1.20.1.jar (also tested with latest version -> got same results)
• sodium-fabric-0.5.11+mc1.20.1.jar

Picture:

Link to Ducky Periperals issue: SamsTheNerd/ducky-periphs#57

You are using Sodium 0.5 without Indium.