The instant damage potion effect causes a ticking entity crash,
Below is the crash log:
https://pastebin.com/KnKe8KCJ

After a little more investigation it seems that taking any damage that originates from the player who caused it will crash the server. Some examples include getting caught in a tnt explosion that the player themselves have caused or firing an arrow at yourself.
Here is a crashed caused by taking damage from tnt that I had lit:
https://pastebin.com/CEF4v1tn