I’m trying to see if a palette I made worked, but I have no way of telling without randomly teleporting in hopes of maybe finding a village with my palette. Would it be possible to add some kind of command or something to find villages using said palettes?

Too complex and slow to be worth it, it would have to /locate many times until it finds a structure with a matching palette, and currently palettes don't have anything that identifies them so I'm not sure how such a command would work.
Just set the weight of the palette you want to debug to a high value.