Is it possible to transport the items in a chest to the chests at another location? So not just by accessing them via the terminal?
The background is, I'm building a quarry in the desert and there I have the storage system with a diamond chest. I have access to the items at my other location, but I want to have them in my other chests so that I can dismantle the quarry again at some point.

Absolutely. here are some images of a frog-light farm i have. the frog-lights and the magma creams get collected into one set of chests connected to an inventory connector. from that connector i branch out to 4 other connectors with their own storage. the hoppers can be filtered my clicking on them with the item you want filtered, so set of chests you see in my images are only collecting their own color of frog-light. As well as the magma creams, which i further run into an autocrafter and then deposit the magma blocks into their spot.

and if you mean over super long distances i recommend using the beacon function. with a max level beacon (and a chunk loader, without the chunks being loaded your max distance is your render distance) you can access a terminal you connect the wireless terminal too from anywhere. Even other dimensions like the end or nether.