From left to right: flint deposit, shiny something, nautilus fossil, saltpeter ore, acumite, yellow basalt, magma cyst, void ore.
Flint Deposit
Flint deposits can generate in any gravel in the overworld. When mined, flint deposits yield 2-3 flint.
Flint deposits generate at a frequency of iron but in small numbers.
Shiny Something
Shiny somethings generate on both sandy and gravelly ocean floors. When mined, they yield a large variety of items.
Commonly, they yield bones, string, feathers, and iron. Uncommonly, they yield glowstone, prismarine crystals, and gold. Rarely, they yield diamonds.
Up to three of these items can be dropped at once, and none of them can be affected by fortune.
Shiny somethings emits a faint light that can be seen at a distance.
Shiny somethings generate at half the frequency of iron and in small numbers.
Nautilus Fossil
Nautilus fossils generate on gravelly ocean floors. When mined, they yield a single nautilus shell.
A nautilus fossil emits bubbles that can be seen from a distance.
Nautilus fossils generate at two times the frequency of diamonds, but only generate in groups of one.
Saltpeter
Saltpeter ore generates on and near the surface of desert biomes and can be found in both sand and sandstone. Saltpeter ore drops one saltpeter when mined and is affected by fortune.
Saltpeter's main use is to be combined with sulfur (see below) and coal to create gunpowder.
Saltpeter can also be used to brew potions of desiccation which give the "dehydrated" debuff. When dehydrated, a player's saturation is always at 0, meaning they get hungrier faster and cannot heal from food.
Saltpeter can be combined with paper to create firework rockets.
Saltpeter ore generates at half the frequency of iron but in slightly larger groups.
Acumite
Acumite generates in stone caves. When mined, it drops a generally large but variable amount of XP.
Acumite generates at half the frequency of iron and in groups as large as diamonds.
Yellow Basalt / Sulfur
Yellow basalt generates in basalt deltas in the Nether. When mined and smelted in a blast furnace, it yields one sulfur.
Sulfur's main use is to be combined with saltpeter (see above) and coal to create gunpowder.
Sulfur can replace coal in the torch recipe, yielding twice as many torches.
Sulfur can also be used as a fuel, smelting a total of 10 items per piece. Coal smelts 8.
Sulfur can be used to brew potions of stench which give players the "nausea" debuff.
Yellow basalt generates at the frequency of iron and in groups the size of coal.
Magma Cyst
Magma cysts generate in crimson forests in the Nether. When mined, they yield 2-4 magma cream and 0-2 blaze powder. These drops are affected by fortune.
Magma cysts generate at 1.5x the rate of iron, but only come in groups of one.
Void Ore
Void ore generates in warped forests in the Nether. When mined, they yield 1-2 void fragments. This can be increased with fortune.
Nine void fragments can be combined to create one ender pearl.
Void ore generates at the frequency and size of Nether gold.